viernes, 4 de febrero de 2011

Interview by Cuban Art News, New York City

Cuban Art News

Spanish:
http://www.cubanartnews.org/nac/post/julio_cesar_perez_la_ciudad_debe_ser_imaginada_disenada_y_concebida_para_el

English:
http://www.cubanartnews.org/can/post/julio_cesar_perez_the_city_must_be_dreamed_designed_and_conceived_for_the_f/

Italian

http://www.de-architectura.com/2011/01/intervista-julius-cesar-perez.html

http://grupposalingaros.net/newsletter.html

Julio César Pérez: “The city must be dreamed, designed and conceived for the future”.

The Cuban architect and city planner on his latest exhibition, on planning for Havana’s growth and development, and on architecture in Cuba


Abstract:
In Part 1 of this two-part series, Pérez discusses the highlights of his current exhibition, details about his ten-point approach to planning for Havana’s growth and development, and why all architects need to start out by designing houses.

Text:

Last month, on December 16, Cuban architect and urban planner Julio César Pérez (b. San Antonio, 1957) opened an exhibition of architecture and planning at the Eduardo Abela Provincial Gallery in the town of San Antonio de los Baños. Pérez, who graduated from Havana’s School of Architecture in 1982, has taught and lectured at Harvard University, the Boston Architectural Center, and the University of Toronto. He is the author of Inside Cuba (Taschen, 2006), The Island: Visions of Cuba (Editorial Samper, 2009).

In Part 1 of this two-part interview with Cuban Art News, Pérez discussed the highlights of his current exhibition, his ten-point approach to planning for Havana’s growth and development, and explains why all architects need to start out by designing houses.

Exhibitions on architecture and urbanism are not common in Cuba. What encouraged you to present a decade of projects?

I really don´t remember any collective exhibitions on architecture, except those done by the then-young college graduates of the 1980s—myself among them—in 1987 (at the Development Center for the Visual Arts, Plaza Vieja) and 1991 (at La Cabaña).

My last solo exhibition took place in 2002 at the School of Design at Harvard University. There, I presented a selection of 20 works and projects carried out between 1989 and 1999. Previously, with architects Milvia Céspedes and Esteban Martínez, I did an exhibition in San Antonio de los Baños during the 6th Havana Biennial in 1997. In all cases, the intention was to keep architecture alive as a calling, and to project a vision of this profession that continues the tradition and the savoir faire that has characterized its practice in our country during the past four centuries.

Now, this need motivated me again. It is also useful to analyze a period of work, to confront ideas and approaches, and above all, to show that architecture remains one of the fine arts, if it is approached with a rigorous artistic perspective.

Your exhibition covers a broad variety of topics: personal residences, cityscapes, the renovation of historic buildings, urban planning. Do they correspond to a wide range of interests in architecture?

For me, the practice of architecture begins with the relationship between the natural or cultural environment, which is an indivisible whole, and the human being. The city is the most important element, as it is an expression of human relationships and the essential cultural archetype. My interests are broad, and I renounce the reductionist vision and specialization that has done much harm to this profession everywhere. The architect must always be a Renaissance man who acts responsibly in his or her own time; he has to deal with both the eternal problems and the contemporary conflicts arising from his concrete circumstances. This requires constant study, above all for those devoted to teaching.

When approaching the house—a "traditional" theme and a laboratory for Cuban architects—you seem to have used construction techniques and skills already well-established in the popular repertoire.

The house is the point of departure, the subject closest to human beings, to architects. I believe that students should learn how to design a house before anything else. Many young architects do not know how, and that is lamentable; they don´t even have an accurate idea of what a home is, what their home is. It’s a good teaching exercise. The scale lets you start with a general idea and move on to details—to start from a specific situation in terms of location, spatial relations, functional requirements, program, context, purpose, and then arrive at the details.

It is a process that enables learning. It is imperative to design well, to build well—it is an ancient and still-valid lesson. Tradition provides the necessary instruction from which architects can explore and innovate, and find their own language beyond fashion and trends.

On the other hand, in Cuba there are not many options with respect to the use of non-traditional construction techniques and materials—most of all in housing. The total and repeated failure of prefabrication has been the most eloquent factor in favor of a return to traditional building techniques.

The loss of this work [designing houses] is, moreover, one of the factors that have affected the prestige of the profession. This is sad, as the construction industry in this country has been distinguished by a high level of skill, which reached its peak during the 1950s. I learned rigor, discipline, and craft by working with my father, an excellent bricklayer and master builder.

In your plan for Havana’s future growth and development, what do you see as the key elements?

The plan is based on a decalogue, a ten-point program that summarizes a set of interrelated, integral ideas. They must be considered together, based on their obvious relationship and the need to tackle them all with the greatest economy of time and resources.

1. Waterfront Redevelopment. This will give the city a new image and will allow us to take the most extensive and intensive advantage of its coastline. Mixed-use buildings are foreseen: cultural and commercial uses on the ground floor and residential use on the floors above. This establishes a continuity with the traditions of the city in this regard, and offers a model in line with European traditions based on outdoor cafes, art galleries and restaurants, bars, shops, and bazaars.

On the other hand, there’s the Port of Havana sector, whose regeneration is a model for the entire city. We intend to turn this area into a modern commercial and sports center that will contribute to a new image of the city and permit the re-creation of its history, the recycling of its economic functions, and increase the attractiveness of the capital in general.

2. A Stronger Polycentric Approach. This is essential. It includes the creation of new urban centers in proposed development facilities to the west (site of the former Columbia airfield) and east. This approach reduces the city’s expansion to its peripheries, limiting the need for excessive traffic and travel.

3. A New Public Transportation System. This will provide an efficient and rational use of existing and proposed road infrastructure, and makes it possible to have varied and modern means of transportation (train, buses, cars) that don’t pollute the environment. The plan includes surface and underground transportation, and one of its branches calls for the construction of a tunnel parallel to the coastline, which will create a promenade along the coast from Jaimanitas to Cojimar.

4. Infrastructure Upgrading. At present, the city’s infrastructure is outdated, totally inadequate and insufficient. This upgrading will give Havana improved and expanded water services, electricity, sewerage, telephone, high speed internet, and other services. An increase in public space is planned to respond to the idiosyncrasies of Cuba, its customs and traditions. In the coastal area and the bay a buffer zone will be established, which will contain a possible rise in sea level due to climate change resulting from global warming.

5. Social and Cultural Integration. The culmination of a full use of the city, its neighborhoods and spaces by all people, with free access to all facilities and buildings.

6. Environmental Safety and Increase in Green Areas.

7. A New Image of the City. This speaks to the city’s transformation and vitality as a result of urban and civic actions.

8. The Revitalization of Roadways and Other Routes at the City Level.

9. Mixed Use. This is part of the tradition of the city. It provides the vitality and variety necessary for urban life by combining various functions that address different social groups.

10. A Broad View Combined with Detailed Rrban Design. The city must be dreamed, designed and conceived for a future that transcends the mark of a particular era, and its construction results from the efforts and intervention of several generations. The urban plan should propose projects of different scales that could be built at various points in time, and whose flexibility accepts transformations as circumstances require.

What makes this project different from others that preceded it?

We propose a holistic and integrated vision. The previous plans did not consider Havana for what it is: a whole, a territory with a particular ecosystem that arises from its geographical condition, its idiosyncrasies, and its culture. For the first time in history, and this is perhaps its greatest merit, this Master Plan conceives and develops ideas to transform the capital city in the short, medium, and long term, and to turn it into a modern city that honors its long history and expresses its continual process of change.

Unlike the plans outlined in the colonial period, which were of a military nature; those of the Republic, which were fragmented and limited only to certain areas; and those made by the Planning Department during the revolutionary period, which were dictated by the government and its priorities, the Master Plan for Havana of the 21st Century seeks to preserve the values of the existing city while emphasizing the need to create new economic and urban values.

In addition, this plan does not follow any government dictates or orders. It is a labor of love for the city, done at no charge. It is a gift, a personal contribution.

Coming in Part 2: Pérez on architecture in Cuba, the problems with “starchitecture,” and what Americans think of Cuba’s architectural heritage.

Julio César Pérez, Part 2: "I feel very proud, very happy when I speak about Havana"

On the state of architecture in Cuba, urban planning, and what makes Havana such a “magical, poetic and magnetic” city

Abstract:

The architect and urban planner wraps up his two-part Cuban Art News interview with a discussion of architecture in Cuba, the problems caused by “architecture of the author”—loosely translated as “starchitecture”—and what Americans think of Cuba’s architectural heritage.

Text:

How would you characterize the current state of architecture in Cuba? Where do its essential conflicts lie?

The current state of architecture is pitiful. No attention is given to the quality of projects or what is built, which results in a great waste: of land, resources, talent and time. This demonstrates ignorance and apathy. There is no system of values that differentiates architecture from simple construction. The conflicts begin in the schools: teachers don’t have the required professional authority and prestige, as they don´t have bodies of work that validate their careers. The teacher should be an example. When teaching it is necessary to know and learn, to have a work experience, a solid culture. For this reason, a new graduate cannot teach, as they have no professional experience, no teaching skills. This is a serious mistake.

The lack of a guide, with proven credentials and an established reputation based on academic and professional merits—essential for filling leadership positions at the school and departments levels—has contributed to the inadequate training of several generations of architects.

The profession of architecture demands sacrifice and dedication beyond the necessary and indispensable calling or sense of vocation. The subsequent motivation is part of the task of teachers whose conduct and work should serve as a model for future architects. Another factor is the lack of a professional practice that contributes to gradual, progressive training that teaches one to correct mistakes.

Another element is the uncritical assimilation of foreign projects and the rejection of Cuban architects in favor of foreign professionals of questionable reputation. The investment process is fraught with negative views and great corruption. This has contributed to the loss of authority and prestige for local architects—abandoned by institutions established to ensure their interests—and a loss of self-esteem and personal and professional dignity. The assignment of projects and jobs to foreign entities without formal competition not only involves excessive costs but invites the ideological dangers of globalization, which ignores culture, history and the profession itself. Other models and patterns have already been implemented.

Examples abound, all bad. They range from the hotels built by the Spanish hotel chain Meliá (Havana, Cohiba, Varadero) to those made for other hotel chains: Novotel or LTC in Monte Barreto, for the Dutch Grand Tulip (Central Park), the estate buildings (for investors in Monaco) at the 5th Avenue, or those financed by Jewish capital and built in Monte Barreto (Miramar Trade Center). In this area, ignorance about traditional urban design appears to have been collected and summarized, unable to assimilate either the values of context, natural and built, or mixed use. These projects fail even in the proper orientation of the buildings and their spatial relationships, leading to the devaluation of one of the few green areas in Havana.

On the level of pure architecture, buildings lack the most basic quality of design and demonstrate a lack of mastery of scale and material use. It seems that hotels have established an award competition to emulate the worst building constructed by their predecessors. Among them are the Russian embassy and the dysfunctional Triton and Neptune hotels.

Along with your projects, you also conduct intensive workshops with architecture students. Which is the greater challenge: creating a “school around a teacher” or around concrete reality?

Both. I prefer to describe an experience in the process of the creation of the National School of Planning and Architecture, which has bet on the city, its monuments, but also its buildings sensitively integrated into their surroundings. In Havana, there are many examples from all eras, ranging from the Morro Castle, where the rock and the building fuse harmoniously, to the palaces of the late 18th century—an urban architecture of extraordinary value.

The workshops already held as Havana Charette convene, encourage, propose, and express a willingness to invite all without excluding anyone. They seek to establish a tradition (and there have been four consecutive workshops) of consultation: to show what has been done, without bias. The important thing is to transmit to students a love for the city and its surroundings as well as a responsibility towards it and its future, if we want Havana to remain the magical, poetic and magnetic city that captivates everyone with its charm, illuminates the way with its planning, and inspires with its architecture. Reality imposes challenges, but we must distinguish between circumstantial and temporary challenges and the real, truly critical challenges.

Do you believe in an architecture of the “author”—known in the U.S. as “starchitecture?”

The “author” architecture is a fallacy, an architecture oriented toward the object, not toward the city. Generally, works created by architects who are famous for being iconoclastic don´t endure. Or very few survive the passage of time or judicious, objective criticism when analyzed in their contexts, and not in magazines and books handled by skilled photographers.

The fact is that only a small group of architects survive objective criticism, and that’s true everywhere. I think that among them are Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn, of those from the past. Among the current ones is Renzo Piano, whose rigor in design and construction exceeds the rest. And perhaps the Japanese Tadao Ando. There is a lot of junk built in the name of “architecture of the author.”

The biggest problem caused by this way of doing things is the damage to the mentality and training of students, because it introduces patterns of imitation favored by ignorant teachers, who are lacking in visual culture and unable to develop their own personal work.

The maturity of an architect, I believe, is to learn so that their work is not weighted down by the architecture of “another author.” It is the greatest challenge and a great test of intellectual honesty.

Recently, you had a long and intense journey as a lecturer in U.S schools and universities. How would you describe the U.S. approach to Cuba’s architectural heritage and its future transformations?

There is great admiration and great appreciation for Cuba’s architectural heritage and the values of Havana. A great respect. I feel very proud, very happy when I speak of Havana, its architecture, its urbanism, which is intact so far despite those lost buildings. That’s why it’s so important to conserve the city beyond any building or group of buildings.

People encourage me in my job. They recognize it. I talk about Havana with love and great admiration. Everyone wants to see Havana, wants to come to Havana. Those who have been here want to return. It also stems from the fact that our nation is older, from its European roots—and let´s remember that towns and cities in Cuba were founded by Europeans—which is undoubtedly of enormous value. Spanish urban planning was of high quality and this, combined with the necessary adaptation to our climate, our geography, and other characteristics (like the availability of materials) produced a vernacular architecture of great value. In its essence, ‘vernacular’ means anonymous creators—the antithesis of the “architecture of the author” concept.

Moreover, in North America, there are only a few historic cities, and people recognize the historic values that are treasured in Havana along with architectural and urban values.

Many architecture professionals, and people in general have expressed their concern for future changes to the city, through the emergence of the market sensibility and the possibility of losing Havana by changing its seductive and romantic image. When I talk about it I always say that this fits the concept of the Master Plan for 21st-Century Havana.


“Me siento muy orgulloso, muy contento cuando hablo de La Habana, de su Arquitectura, de su Urbanismo”.

El arquitecto y urbanista cubano Julio César Pérez conversa sobre su más reciente exposición, La Habana actual y su proyección futura.

Abstract:

Cuban Art News realiza una extensa entrevista al arquitecto y urbanista cubano Julio César Pérez en torno a su más reciente exposición, la Habana del siglo XXI y la arquitectura en la isla.

Texto:

El arquitecto y urbanista cubano Julio César Pérez (San Antonio 1957) inauguró el pasado 16 de Diciembre una muestra de 12 proyectos y realizaciones de Arquitectura y Urbanismo en la Galería Provincial Eduardo Abela, situada en la conocida villa de San Antonio de los Baños. Graduado en 1982 de la Escuela de Arquitectura de La Habana, Pérez ha impartido clases y conferencias en Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, Boston Architectural Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Faculty of Architecture University of Toronto, University of Nova Gorica in Venice, Italy, McGill University, Montreal, Carleton University in Ottawa, y ha disertado ampliamente en universidades e instituciones de Europa.

Autor del libro “Inside Cuba” (Taschen 2006), compartió con Cuban Art News su valioso tiempo en esta entrevista sobre su reciente exposición, la Habana del siglo XXI y la arquitectura en la isla.

La celebración de exposiciones sobre Arquitectura y Urbanismo no es un evento común en

Cuba. Que le ha motivado a exponer una década de proyectos y realizaciones?

Realmente no se recuerda ninguna expo colectiva de Arquitectura si exceptuamos las realizadas por los entonces jóvenes egresados de la universidad en la década del 80 (entre los cuales estuve yo) en 1987 (Centro de Desarrollo para las Artes Visuales, Plaza Vieja) y en 1991 (La Cabaña).

Mi anterior exposición personal tuvo lugar en 2002 en la Escuela de Diseño de la Universidad de

Harvard. Ahí expuse una selección de 20 obras y proyectos realizados entre 1989 y 1999. Anteriormente, junto a los arquitectos Milvia Céspedes y Esteban Martínez- expusimos en San

Antonio de los Baños durante la 6ª Bienal de La Habana, en 1997. En todos los casos intentaba mantener viva la llama de la Arquitectura, la necesidad de proyectar una visión de la profesión que de continuidad a la tradición y al savoir faire que caracterizó el ejercicio de la carrera en nuestro país durante más de cuatro siglos.

Ahora, me vuelve a motivar esta necesidad. También es útil analizar un período de la obra, de confrontar ideas y criterios y sobre todo mostrar que la Arquitectura sigue siendo una de las Bellas

Artes si se concibe y ejerce desde el rigor y la perspectiva artística.

Las preocupaciones expuestas en su muestra son variadas: casas, paisajes urbanos, remodelación de inmuebles históricos, proyecciones urbanísticas. Responden a una multiplicidad de intereses en torno a la arquitectura?

Para mi la práctica de la Arquitectura comienza con la relación entre el ambiente natural o cultural, que es una totalidad indivisible, y el ser humano en su devenir. Otorgo la mayor importancia a la ciudad, expresión de las relaciones humanas y arquetipo cultural de su esencia. Mis intereses tienen un amplio espectro y renuncio a una visión reduccionista y especializada que ha hecho mucho daño a la profesión en todas partes. El arquitecto siempre tendrá que ser un hombre del Renacimiento que actúa responsablemente dentro de su época y le toca bregar con los problemas eternos y los conflictos contemporáneos derivados de su circunstancia concreta. Esto exige un constante estudio, sobre todo para los que se dedican a la enseñanza.

Al abordar la casa, tema "tradicional" y banco de laboratorio de los arquitectos cubanos, ud parece aprovechar con creces las técnicas constructivas y los oficios existentes en el repertorio popular.

La casa es el punto de partida, el tema más cercano al ser humano, al arquitecto. Considero que los estudiantes deben aprender a diseñar una casa antes que todo. Muchos arquitectos jóvenes no saben hacerlo y es lamentable; ni siquiera tienen una idea exacta de lo que es una casa, su casa. Es un buen ejercicio docente. Su escala permite tener una concepción general y llegar al detalle, partir de una situación específica en cuanto a su localización, relaciones espaciales, exigencias

funcionales, programa, contexto, en fin; y entonces llegar al detalle.

Es un proceso que permite aprender. Es un imperativo además de diseñar bien, construir bien,

es una lección antigua y válida. La tradición provee la necesaria enseñanza desde la cual el arquitecto puede explorar e innovar, encontrar su propio lenguaje mas allá de modas y tendencias.

Por otra parte, en Cuba no hay muchas opciones respecto al uso de técnicas constructivas y materiales no tradicionales –sobre todo en la vivienda. El fracaso rotundo y reiterado del prefabricado ha sido el más elocuente elemento a favor de retomar las técnicas tradicionales.

La pérdida del oficio es, por otra parte, uno de los factores que han incidido en el desprestigio de la profesión, lo cual es triste después que el país se distinguiera por alcanzar un alto nivel en la industria de la construcción que tuvo su clímax durante la década de los años 1950s. Yo aprendí el

rigor, la disciplina, el oficio, con mi padre, excelente albañil y maestro de obras.

En su plan de desarrollo futuro de La Habana, cuales define como sus rasgos esenciales?

El Plan se basa en un decálogo que comprende y compendia un grupo de ideas a tener en cuenta de forma conjunta e integral por su evidente interrelación y la necesidad de acometerlo con la mayor economía de tiempo y recursos:

1. El desarrollo del Frente Marítimo (Waterfront Redevelopment). Dará a la ciudad una nueva imagen y permitirá aprovechar extensa e intensamente su litoral. Se preveen edificaciones de uso mixto: cultural y comercial en planta baja combinado con el uso residencial en la planta alta. Ésto establece una continuidad a las tradiciones de la ciudad al respecto y ofrece un modelo también en consonancia con las tradiciones europeas con cafés al aire libre, galerías de arte y restaurantes, bares, tiendas y bazares.

Por otro lado, el sector del Puerto de La Habana, cuya regeneración supone un modelo para la de toda la ciudad. Pretendemos convertirlo en un moderno puerto comercial y deportivo que contribuye a una nueva imagen de la ciudad y permite recrear su historia, reciclar su funciones económicas y aumentar el atractivo de la capital.

2. El Refuerzo de la Estructura Policéntrica (Reinforcement of Polycentric Structure) que es una

clave esencial de la ciudad. Permite reducir la extensión hacia la periferia y por ende, los recorridos excesivos. Incluye la creación de nuevos centros en nuevas urbanizaciones propuestas al Oeste (antiguo territorio del aeródromo de Columbia) y al este (territorio de La Habana del este).

3. Un Sistema Nuevo de Transporte Público, que proveerá un uso eficiente y racional de la infraestructura vial (existente y propuesta) y posibilitará contar con variados y modernos medios

de transporte terrestre (tren, autobuses, automóviles) que no contaminen el medio ambiente. Contempla transporte de superficie y subterráneo. Uno de sus ramales incluye la construcción de un túnel paralelo a la línea del litoral lo cual creará un paseo marítimo a lo largo del litoral, desde

Jaimanitas hasta Cojímar.

4. La Actualización y Mejora de la Infraestructura existente, obsoleta y totalmente deficiente e insuficiente en la actualidad (Infrastructure Upgrading). Ello dotará a La Habana de servicios de agua, electricidad, alcantarillado, telefonía, internet de alta velocidad, y otros). Se preveé un aumento del espacio público (Increase of Public space) que responde a la idiosincrasia del cubano,a sus costumbres y tradiciones. Se establecerá en la zona del litoral y la bahía una zona de protección (buffer zone) que prevé la contención de una eventual elevación del nivel del mar debido a los cambios climáticos derivados del calentamiento global.

5. La Integración Social y Cultural que es el colofón de un uso total de la ciudad, sus barrios y espacios por toda la población, su acceso libre a todo tipo de instalaciones y edificios.

6. El Saneamiento Ambiental y aumento de las Areas Verdes (Environmental safety and increase of Green).

7. Una Nueva Imagen de la ciudad que hable de su transformación y vitalidad como resultado de las acciones urbanísticas y ciudadanas.

8. La revitalización de las Calzadas y otras vías a nivel de ciudad.

9. El uso mixto, parte de la tradición de la ciudad y que aporta la vitalidad y variedad necesarias para la vida urbana al combinar funciones distintas que abarcan distintos grupos sociales

10. Una visión perspectiva combinada con un diseño urbano detallado. La ciudad debe ser soñada, pensada y concebida para un futuro que trasciende cualquier marco temporal y su construcción devenir el esfuerzo e intervención de varias generaciones. El plan urbano debe proponer proyectos de diferentes escalas que permitan irse concretando en varias etapas y cuya flexibilidad admita transformaciones según exijan las circunstancias.

Que diferencia este proyecto respecto a proyectos precedentes?

Proponemos una visión holística e integradora. Los planes anteriores no consideraban La Habana como lo que es: un todo, un territorio con un ecosistema particular debido a su condición geográfica, idiosincrasia y cultura. Por primera vez en la historia –y este es posiblemente su mérito mayor- este Plan Maestro concibe y desarrolla ideas para la transformación a corto, mediano y largo plazo para la ciudad capital y para convertirla en una urbe contemporánea que honre su condición histórica y exprese su devenir.

A diferencia de los planes trazados en la Colonia –de carácter militar- y los de la República –fragmentarios y limitados solo a ciertas zonas- y los realizados por Planificación Física durante el

período revolucionario -dictados por el Gobierno y sus prioridades- el Plan Maestro para La Habana del Siglo XXI aspira a preservar los valores de la ciudad existentes pero enfatiza la necesidad de crear nuevos valores económicos y urbanísticos.

Además, este plan no obedece a ningún dictado gubernamental ni a ningún encargo: es un trabajo

realizado por el amor a la ciudad, gratuitamente. Es un regalo, una contribución personal.

Cómo caracteriza el estado actual de la Arquitectura en Cuba? Dónde radican sus conflictos esenciales?

El estado actual de la Arquitectura es lastimoso. No se presta atención ni a la calidad de los proyectos ni a lo que se construye, lo cual redunda en un gran despilfarro: de suelo, de recursos, de talento y de tiempo. Esto denota ignorancia y desidia. No existe un sistema de valores que diferencien la arquitectura de la construcción. Los conflictos comienzan en las escuelas: los docentes no tienen la autoridad profesional requerida ni el prestigio suficiente por no tener una obra que avale su trayectoria. El maestro debe ser un ejemplo, para poder enseñar hay que saber y conocer, tener una obra, una cultura sólida y por tanto, no puede enseñar un recién graduado, sin experiencia profesional, sin las habilidades didácticas. Esto es un error grave.

La carencia de una guía con un aval probado, una reputación establecida basada en los méritos

académicos y profesionales esenciales para ocupar los cargos de dirección a nivel de escuela y

departamentos han contribuido a la formación deficiente de varias generaciones de arquitectos

junto con la masividad.

La carrera de Arquitectura demanda sacrificio y entrega además de la necesaria e imprescindible

vocación. La posterior motivación es parte de la tarea a realizar por los profesores cuya conducta y

obra deben servir de modelo para los futuros arquitectos. Otro factor es la falta de una práctica profesional que contribuya al entrenamiento gradual y progresivo y enseñe a corregir errores.

Otro elemento es la asimilación acrítica de proyectos extranjeros y de la supeditación de los arquitectos cubanos a profesionales foráneos de dudosa reputación. El proceso inversionista está plagado de concepciones funestas y gran corrupción. Esto ha contribuido a la pérdida de la autoridad y el prestigio de los arquitectos locales -desamparados por instituciones que velen por sus intereses- y a la pérdida de su autoestima y dignidad profesional y personal. La entrega de proyectos y obras a entidades extranjeras sin que haya concursos no solo implica gastos excesivos sino peligros ideológicos al dar entrada a la globalización que desconoce la cultura, la historia y la propia profesión. Se han implantado modelos y patrones ajenos a estas.

Ejemplos sobran, todos malos, desde los hoteles construidos para la cadena hispana Meliá (Habana, Cohiba, Varadero) hasta los realizados para otras cadenas: Novotel o LTC en Monte Barreto, para la holandesa Grand Tulip (Parque Central) hasta los edificios de inmobiliaria ( por inversionistas de Mónaco en la 5ta Avenida o el conjunto edificado en Monte Barreto (Miramar Trade Center). En esta zona parece haberse conjugado, reunido y resumido toda la ignorancia acerca del Diseño Urbano tradicional incapaz tanto de asimilar los valores del contexto –natural y edificado- el uso mixto como los valores del paisaje, que falla incluso en una

adecuada orientación de los edificios, y sus relaciones espaciales y redunda en la devaluación de

una de las pocas zonas verdes que posee La Habana.

A nivel de la Arquitectura los edificios adolecen de la más elemental calidad de diseño y denotan falta de dominio de la escala y uso de materiales. Tal parece que los hoteles han establecido una

competencia para obtener el Premio al peor edificio construido emulados por sus predecesores la Embajada Rusa y los disfuncionales hoteles Tritón y Neptuno.

Junto a los proyectos, Ud realiza también intensos talleres junto a estudiantes de la carrera. Concibe la docencia en función de crear una "escuela en torno a un maestro" o con la realidad concreta como mayor desafío?

Ambas cosas. Prefiero describir una experiencia en pos de la creación de la Escuela Cubana de Urbanismo y Arquitectura que apueste por la ciudad, por sus monumentos pero también por edificios sensibles integrados al paisaje. En la Habana sobran ejemplos de todas las épocas, desde el Castillo de los 3 Reyes del Morro, donde la piedra y el edificio se fusionan armónicamente hasta los palacios de intramuros de fines del siglo XVIII, una arquitectura urbana de extraordinario valor.

Los talleres celebrados, como Havana Charette, convocan, animan, proponen, y expresan una voluntad que invita a todos sin excluir a nadie, que aspiran a establecer una tradición (ya se han realizado cuatro ediciones consecutivas) de consulta, de mostrar lo que se hace, de desinterés total. Lo importante es trasmitir a los estudiantes el amor por la ciudad y su entorno y señalar el deber y la responsabilidad que tenemos para con ella, su futuro, si queremos que La Habana siga siendo esa ciudad mágica, poética y magnética que subyuga a todos con su encanto, que ilumina el camino con su urbanismo e inspira con su arquitectura. La realidad impone desafíos pero hay que discernir entre los retos circunstanciales y temporales y los verdaderos desafíos decisivos.

Cree ud en la arquitectura "de autor", de "marca"?

La arquitectura de autor es una falacia, es una arquitectura orientada al objeto y no a la ciudad. Generalmente las obras generadas por arquitectos que se hacen famosos por ser iconoclastas no perduran o muy pocas resisten el paso del tiempo y a un juicio crítico objetivo cuando se ven y miran en su contexto y no en revistas y libros manipuladas por hábiles fotógrafos.

Sucede a menudo y en todas partes del mundo que solo un pequeño grupo de arquitectos sobreviven a una crítica justa. Yo considero que entre estos F.L. Wright y Louis Kahn de los ya desaparecidos y entre los actuales Renzo Piano cuyo rigor en el diseño y la construcción sobrepasa al resto y quizás el japonés Tadao Ando. Hay mucha basura que se construye en nombre de la arquitectura de autor.

El problema mayor es el daño que genera este modo de hacer en la mentalidad y formación de los

estudiantes porque introducen patrones de imitación favorecidos por profesores ignorante, carentes de cultura visual e incapaces ellos mismos de desarrollar una obra personal.

La madurez de un arquitecto –considero yo- consiste en aprender de forma que su obra no esté lastrada por la arquitectura “de otro autor”. Es el mayor reto y una gran prueba de honestidad intelectual.

Recientemente ud realizó un extenso e intenso recorrido como conferencista en centros y universidades de EEUU. Cuál es el estado de la aproximación norteamericana" al patrimonio

construido en Cuba, y sus transformaciones futuras?

Existe una gran admiración y un gran reconocimiento hacia el patrimonio cubano, hacia los valores de La Habana. Un gran respeto. Yo me siento muy orgulloso, muy contento cuando hablo de La Habana, de su Arquitectura, de su Urbanismo, intacto hasta ahora a pesar de los edificios que se han perdido. He aquí por qué es tan importante conservar la ciudad mas alla de cualquier edificio o cualquier grupo de edificios.

Las personas me animan en mi trabajo, lo reconocen, me sienten hablar de la Habana con mucho amor y con mucha admiración. Todo el mundo quiere ver La Habana, quiere venir a La Habana. Los que han venido desean volver. Esto emana también del hecho de que nuestra nación es más antigua, de sus raíces europeas -recordemos que los pueblos y ciudades de Cuba fueron fundados

por europeos- que indudablemente resultan de un enorme valor. El urbanismo español era de una gran calidad y esto combinado con la necesaria adaptación al clima nuestro, su geografía y otras

peculiaridades (como la disponibilidad de los materiales) produjo una arquitectura vernácula de

gran valor. En lo esencial vernáculo significa realizado por autores anónimos lo cual es un concepto contrario al de la ´arquitectura de autor´.

Por otra parte en Norteamérica existen solo unas pocas ciudades históricas y se reconocen los valores históricos que atesora La Habana además de los arquitectónicos y urbanos.

Ocurre que muchos profesionales y personas en general manifiestan su preocupación por futuras

transformaciones, por la irrupción del mercado, por la posibilidad de que se pierda La Habana al cambiar su imagen seductora y romántica. Cuando me hablan de esto siempre digo que a esto responde la concepción del Plan Maestro para La Habana del siglo XXI.

martes, 27 de julio de 2010

Havana´s future


Havana is a resilient city. Its urban spaces witness the pass of time while time takes its toll on many buildings. However the city survives because its beauty is permanent and it´s its essence. Its poetry is narrated by everlasting stones, fossils incrustrated in columns and tiles and its marine wind and ambience.

We care about the future of the city because we appreciate its past and its splendor among many other things. We dream of of Havana asa magnetic city that will please Cubans while it attracts people from all over the world.

The new waterfront of Havana is to redefine its image. The Harbor sector has the potential to revitalize the city by becoming a contemporary commercial and recreational one that takes over the derelict existing one.

For the first time the comprehensive planning of all this area will allow its future redevelopment with lots of public spaces and ammenities, with lots of green areas and a new transportation system based on a light rail that is part of a bigger concept that links the harbor with the rest of the ciy, mosty the ajacent sectors -Old Havana, East Havana and Centro Habana.

The Master Plan for the harbor and East Havana show the attempt to provide a seamless layout with transitional areas and buffer zones. A seafront boulevard allows for a pedestrian friendly ambience where people can relaxnd rest being by the water.

lunes, 3 de mayo de 2010

Cuban Chapter of Council for European Urbanism (CEU)

C.E.U. Council for European Urbanism

CUBAN CHAPTER

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. acknowledges and supports the urban traditions of the country and their good practices along centuries with mostly a European influence, thus it is committed to preserve them and apply them to new developments to foster historical continuity.

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. believes that everything is connected with everthing else so it advocates the reconciliation of both human needs and ecological imperatives. It is against the waste of natural and cultural resources derived from sprawl and the erosion of society's built heritage. It is also against any racial, social or cultural segregation and the loss of cultural identity.

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. honors all principles stated in both the Charter for European Urbanism and The Charter of the New Urbanism but incorporates those suitable for our country.

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. perceives itself as part of a long tradition in Urbanism spanning through five centuries with mostly a European influence.

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. is aware that Cuban cities have not undergone the traumatic processes of urban renewal and destruction that most cities in the world have for still intact inner city cores are a distinct Cuban feature to be protected as well as their environs and countryside.

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. stands for the restoration of existing urban centers and towns within coherent metropolitan regions, the reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real neighborhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments and the preservation of our built legacy.

The CUBAN CHAPTER OF C.E.U. advocates the restructuring of public policy and development practices in order to achieve diverse communities designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car.

domingo, 2 de mayo de 2010




Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba on October 28th, 1492 and he was amazed by the natural beauty of the region of Baracoa, in the northern shore of Cuba for after a while he wrote in his diary 'This is the loveliest land ever beheld by human eyes'.

Conquest and colonization came next with the foundation of the first settlements1 —called villas— by Diego Velazquez along the island which had a primitive lay out based mostly on geographical features and strategic and economic criteria as no urban structure existed when the Spaniards came to the island.

An unprecedented process —since the Roman Empire— approached from the standpoint of urban planning followed: cities, towns, and buildings were shaped only with the European settler’s previous experiences and pragmatism that confronted the need for adaptation to the local climate and the availability of materials that were at hand. The progressive assimilation of the urban and architectural models from the old continent helped mold a vernacular style in time that still today informs the country’s highly distinct architectural heritage spanning over five centuries: a variation on the infinite theme of building. This reflects the country’s development and —together with the mark left by immigrants of diverse origins— defines its cultural identity.

Colonial Urbanism
Genius loci is a Roman concept. According to ancient Roman belief every 'independent' being has its genius, its guardian spirit. This spirit gives life to people and places, accompanies them from birth to death, and determines their character or essence.
Christian Norberg-Schulz: Genius Loci, Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture, p.18

The first settlements originally founded in Cuba from the beginning of the XVI century followed no guidelines at all and had a primitive lay out based either upon topography or on any other feature like the existence of a river or of an aboriginal settlement. The Spaniards soon knew that there was no gold in Cuban mines for which they focused on agriculture and introduced kettle in subsequent trips from Spain.

martes, 27 de abril de 2010

An aspiration for a greener Havana

Concepts and Strategies for the Master Plan for Havana

Concepts and Strategies for the Master Plan for Havana

Waterfront Revitalization

Reinforcement of Polycentric Structure

New Public Transport System

A new image that shows the city’s regeneration and vitality

Infrastructure Upgrading according to modern technology

New Urban Image showing the city’s regeneration and vitality

Increase of Public Space that allows for a greater human exchange

Mixed -Use as for continuing the city’s tradition

Social and Cultural integration

Increase of green areas as an environmental must

domingo, 25 de abril de 2010

(1) A Master Plan for XXI Century Havana is a comprehensive urban project conceived and developed by Professor Architect Julio César Pérez Hernández and his team. It is not an official plan but an individual reflection on the city, its history and its urban evolution and at the same time a proposal for preserving its urban and architectural legacy while creating new economic and urban values for the future.
(2) Julio César Pérez started to think about it and work on it during his year as a Loeb Fellow at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design and continued to develop it upon his return to Cuba in 2002 with the subsequent collaboration of several former students of his at the University of Havana who asked to join the project and participate in its development.
(3) For the first time in history the Master Plan for Havana provides a vision for a comprehensive plan and spans from urban planning to urban design. This is demonstrated along the introduction of the present document- as the city’s growth was always based on partial projects- and with the proposal.
(4) This project also takes into account former projects along history and learns from its virtues and failures thus it summarizes not only our own ideas but other professionals’ ideas as well.
(5) This project was not commissioned by anyone, it is a work of love, a professional and human endeavor for the salvation of the city and it has been done for free.
(6) The urban plan expresses the team’s vision for the future - neither the state’s nor the official planning agencies’ - and is not compromised by any foreign institution.
Author: Julio César Pérez Hernández
Ave. 37 No. 6611 San Antonio de los Baños 32500, La Habana, Cuba
e-mail: jcaesar_2002@yahoo.co.uk
website: www.cigarclub.lu/perez
Ownership status:
This document is copyright of the author Julio César Pérez Hernández and may be used only with permission of the author for the following purposes:
By the Council for European Urbanism – Cuba Chapter (CEU – Cuba), under the supervision of Julio César Pérez Hernández (founding Chairman), and by the Council for European Urbanism (CEU), under the supervision of Audun Engh, for specific purposes that should be discussed and agreed between the author and the CEU.